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ANATOLIA TATTOO & Piercing - About Tattoo |
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Tattoo…sometimes a letter or a calligraphy, sometimes a figure or a picture… Sometimes for being adorned, sometimes for aiming to emphasize something…but perhaps the oldest way of self-expression of human kind… Proffessor Spindler has announced in 1991 that the “Ice Man” found in the mountains on the Austrian-Italian border, had tattoo on his body. His time is assumed to be a period, most probably from 38 thousand B.C. to 10 thousand B.C. Resources tell us about tattoos in ancient times made of reed and leaf pigments, also denoting the tattoos were found on some of the Egyptian mummies remained from 2000 B.C. In those times, people believed that the tattoos were protecting them against bogeys, sicknesses, and witchcrafts, as well as tatto was a symbol of status at the same time. Symbols and motives implied messages infering the personalities. When those messages of traditional figures and symbols used in tattoos were analysed, it was noticed that it was a kind of calligraphy. Tattoos of imaginary creatures, and ram figures formed by extremely neat drawings are seen on the bodies found in Hun cairns, which were inspired by a very decorative conception. Those religious-magical based tattoos are believed to be done by injecting a tint, which possibly derived by soot, into the skin. As in the tattoos on the body of a Hun leader found in the Pazyryk cairn, we know that noble heroes in Hun society might get tattoos and later this tradition was carried on by Kazakhs and Khirghiz by applying tattoos on the persons who were qualified as heroes. It is seen on the bodies found in Tashtyk graves, and later in one of the Altyn Yysh graves that some parts of the bodies were adorned by tattoos depicting hunting scenes. Ancient Thrace tribes respected tattoo as a sign of nobility, whereas it was a seal of immorality for the ancient Greeks. Tattoos were used by ancient Romans for identifying the criminals, same as seen in England in 19th century. Introduced by the Algerian sailors, tattoing spreaded among the Ottoman sea men, which has been started to be fashioned by the Jenissaries as of 17th century in order to signify the company which they had belonged to, and continued until the Jenissary troops had been abolished. From this point of view, tattoo may be appraised as a hint of the beliefs and lives of the people of past cultures, therefore it is a subject which should be examined in hierographically, etnographically and anthropologically. Just the same as myths, symbols represents the same properties in universal criterion; they form the link between the reality and imagination. No matter how the ethnic societies, languages, beliefs, living styles differ, the language of the symbols is common. It is possible to see that the tattoo is being made for similar reasons by using similiar geometrical figures almost all over the world. It differs only in application technique, from the variety of the material used, and the part of the body where the tattoo is done. According to the mythological sense, there is always a like, a match of each being in nature regardless of it is visible or not. Hence tales, legends and myths are full of mythological ciphers. The figures in the central Mesopotamian civilization, which has reached at metaphysics earlier, were mostly symbolical. Eye figure symbolizes abundance and fertility, or a protection against the evil eye; a star stands for happiness; a family tree is for life; and a bird figure symbolizes life and soul. Such figures in tattos as snake, bull, bird, eagle, cow, deer, helical two snakes, circle and rings, bangles, dods, triangles, octagons, square, halved quadrangles, circular dods inside geomatrical figures, all these in a way represent to sanctify the mother goddess, consequently the fertility of the mother as the source of life, abundance of offspring, the womb, insemination in the womb of mother, evolution phases of the fetus, and finally life and death. Sun and moon figures which are seen very often, stand for the source of life again, as well as the will of eternal living. Even though the cross figure is known as the symbol of Christianity, in fact the history of this figure goes backwards far beyond. It was believed to stand a propitious destination with its colors, also to deprive of the effect of the evil eyes. A circle pierced by a reverse arrow head symbolizes the the fertility and abundance as an indication of impregnation. Tattoo in Anatolia : Traditional tattoo has been fashioned by various societies on a very large geography. It was mostly seen in South-Eastern Anatolia. It was called as “dek” in this region’s history. The male tattoo masters were called as “dekkak”, whereas the females were called as “dekkake”; the man who had tattoo was called as “medkuk” whereas the female was called as “medkuke”. A nomadic tribe lived in South-Eastern Anatolia, Karachis took on tattoing as a proffession. They preferred to make it in their adult ages and at the beginning of spring as season. Tattoo was common among the females. The main factor which discriminates the difference in the figures was the sexuality. Tattoo was markedly revealing the difference between the man and woman with its structure and way of making. Tattoo as a habbit became common especially in Eastern and South-Eastern regions of Anatolia. During the researchs in the Barak district of Gaziantep in 1991, tattoos were encountered on the hands, faces and bodies of the native men and women over the age of 40-45; these tattoos were called as “dövün” in the area. These dövüns could only seen as a spot on the right cheek of the young women aged around 18-20. It is reported that dövün was being made to the ones who wanted to have, by small nomadic clans called “gurbet” in the district, who were making their livings by bartering sundries like trinkets, needles and pins with comestibles like eggs, barley, wheat, etc. until 15-20 years past, but not continuing any longer. Before the dövün applied, the figure which was designated by the client or gurbet, was drafted on the body by means of burnt match stick heads. The pigment compound, which was derived from the sheep’s bile, or from the soot remained underneath of the cauldrons, was penetrated into the skin by digging of pins tightly sheafed as three or nine pcs. (these numbers are known with their mystical meanings) After the crusted wound healed, the figure appeared. Dövün, is mostly prefered by the women to be applied on the chin, under chin, ankle, neck, breast, and on the hands; whereas the men prefer to have it on the nose, center of the forehead, on the hand, wrist, and on the arm. Among the most common tattoo figures for women, we can count comb and mirror figures seen on the hand or ankle; star usually done on the face, and ring figures on the ankle. Besides, baby gazelle figure starting from under chin, continuing on the neck and taking on a shape on the two breasts, which had been drawn attention on a few women aged around 60. On men, most common figures are the names and expressions written in Arabic caligraphy, as well as such figures like lion, snake, moon, mostly applied on the temples and on the arms. The general answer to the question “why tattoing?” is, “for the purpose of garnishment”, however some men and women aged over 60 say that they have it also for the belief of luck bringing, boosting the earnings, increasing the abundunce. Additionally there is another belief existing among the women who are not capable of getting pregnant, that they can overcome this problem by having a tattoo on their waists. On the other hand, most of them say that they don’t like tattoos, because they are regarded as odd and anachronistic in the urban environment, even by their own children or grandchildren. Some of them tried to remove the figures on their faces by the help of some acid materials but never succeeded. During a reserach in a Turkmen village in Çankýrý district in 1994, it has been captured the attention that all the women aged aroound 50-55 had a crescent and star figure only in the center of the forehead upon the nose, but definitely nothing on anywhere else on the body. The main particularity about these tattoos was, the pigment was made by mixing soot with the fresh milk of a young mother who has just given birth to a baby daughter. Tattooing tool was familiar three needles tied in and the local people told that it was a traditional way of trimming inherited by the ancestors. Most common figures in districts like Urfa, Mardin and Diyarbakýr, is also called “dak”, or “dek”, a figure stylizing five fingers, which is seen especially on the temples of the heads. This figure can also be seen in Gaziantep district. As S.V. Örnek stated, these figuresare very much resembling to the wooden symbols which are placed at the bed side of the graves in Kýzýlcahamam, called “Yenge Mezarý” (affinal aunt grave). It is possible to find similiar figures having religious, or magical, or mythological, or social or sexual status, or tribal meanings almost in our all cultural beings such as grave stones, weavings, architecture, ornamantation techniques, etc., which you can easily match with the traditional tattoo figures. The belief about such figures save the one from the sicknesses, evil eye and bring goodness and bravery to them is still continuing nowadays. After the studies performed around Urfa, Mardin, Diyarbakýr areas of Upper Mesopotamia region, it was ascertained that the tattoo is made for such reasons as: Protection against wicked effects, providing luck: Avoiding of getting harmed from evil forces, getting rid of the hex coming over them, escaping from bad luck; applying the figures of predadory animals, poisonous critters like snake, scorpion, in order to protect himself or family from getting harmed by such animals; tattooing the children in order to prevent children deaths which were supposed to be caused by evil forces; for the purpose of insemination, to provide the continuity of the descendance and having rich crop from their farming, and to achieve the good taste and blessing in their cookings. Keeping the good health and healing the illness : It was believed that the tattoos done on the temples and asround the eyes were curing the head and eye aches. Those done on the arms, wrists and on-hands were deemed to be good for healing such illnesses as intestinal pain and sciatica. Relation-nobility and
tribal symbols : Each tribe has its own symbol. The figures and
the part of the body where it’s done differ from tribe to tribe. No
one can have the symbol of another tribe else than his own tribe.
Otherwise that was a reason of war. Carrying a tribal tattoo
signifies the devotion to a tribe as well as it makes oneself feel
more secure. It’s also a mark of nobility. Furthermore, carrying a
tribal tattoo had practical daily advantages : The tribe of the one
who was killed or wounded in a battle, or lost, or committed a crime,
could have been easily identified by his tattoo. Whatever the figures, the part of the body they are applied, and the material it is made of are, obviously tattoo culture has been taken as an effective magical means for mankind to run their biological lives. The human has been in search of finding the meanings of natural events. When he couldn’t have achieved that, he had embodied them in forms of images, icons and symbols, to turn them into touchable and understandable objects; he has been making use of the magic of these symbols since thousands of years in order to equalize himself with the natural powers, consequently to continue his entity by establishing a system of meaning and power which could have been explicable for himself in nature |
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